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Mountaineering poses hazards including altitude illness, extreme weather, cold injuries, falls and avalanches. Careful pre-trip planning (route choice, weather, permits, fitness and training) and the right gear (insulation, shelter,

This article profiles ten major European mountaineering destinations. Each entry lists location, highest peaks, standard routes and grades, optimal seasons, access points, permitting rules, hazards,

The first Alpine club on the European mainland was the Österreichischer Alpenverein, founded on the 19th November 1862 in Vienna. Its purpose was scholarly (“the scientific exploration